Globalisation - what does it really mean to us in our daily lives? To me, it means that the world is flat. It means the opening of international markets for the trade of goods, services, and operations. It also often means the export of jobs and cross-border transactions and disputes. The ease of air travel and the interest to explore other countries for work or for pleasure means that we encounter cultural diversity constantly in our personal and professional lives. This, in turn, means that we need to understand and accommodate diverse cultures in order to ensure effective communication and minimize misunderstandings.

Today's employees need to ensure their ability to work and communicate with people across cultures. Those who grasp the nuances of cross-cultural communications and appropriate interactions will create an edge for themselves as they move through their career. Those who are ill prepared may not understand how their own actions, appropriate in their own culture, created a rift in another. I am a firm believer in the importance of understanding across cultures as I come from a Eurasian background with a Chinese mother and an English father. I was born in Malaysia, brought up in Hong Kong, educated in America and have lived and worked in England, Hong Kong, Singapore and Sydney. My close friends are from America, Ghana, England, Japan, Hong Kong and Korea. My dearest friends from high school are an eclectic bunch - one has a Shanghainese/Indian mother and a Norwegian/German father, another has a Korean mother and a German father and another, like me, has a Chinese mother and English father. We all speak a second language and truly believe the world is flat!

In the next few articles I'll discuss differences in body language, introductions, the concept of time, attire and manner of address, a matter of Face, language and dining etiquette across cultures. I've conducted research from numerous sources and will share the common themes I've found that will be helpful in creating an awareness that will assist in understanding across cultures. I've found it to be fascinating. I hope you will too! Let's take a look at Body Language and Communication.

Communication/Body Language

Some cultures avoid both negative and positive responses. This makes it difficult for those used to direct and honest answers in their own culture. For example, the Japanese are extremely reticent to say "no", as are most Indonesian cultures, such as the Javanese. If you will pardon the pun, a negative expression is frowned upon! The Javanese, in fact, will never admit to any negative opinion nor give negative criticism; a disparaging comment would be considered a face destroying insult.

Other cultures, such as in Eastern Europe, avoid positive or enthusiastic reactions and invariably will give a negative response, refuse or criticise, at least in the first instance.

Nodding one's head is a classic example of an easily misunderstood gesture. In most of the West it is common to show you agree by nodding your head up and down and murmuring "um hmm" or "mmm" or something similar. This will mean nothing in some other cultures, and in some it may even indicate the negative. In Turkey, Iran, Bulgaria and some Melanesian islands nodding the head up (in Melanesia usually accompanied by a slight "tsk" sound) means a definite NO. In much of Asia nodding, sometimes accompanied by "yes", simply means: "I understand, carry on . . ." however this is often misinterpreted by Westerners to indicate agreement, usually of each specific point nodded at. This misunderstanding can cause considerable disappointment and annoyance to Western businessmen negotiating a deal.

Another easily confused gesture is the mostly western custom of twirling the forefinger in front of one's ear to indicate that someone is a little crazed or unbalanced. However in certain cultures, such as in Argentina, that same gesture is common sign language that means "a telephone call for you". You can understand the misunderstanding this gesture could create in the wrong circumstances.

The simple act of waving your hand can have different significance or impact in different cultures. While Americans might wave their hand, palm out, sideways to say goodbye, in much of Europe such a gesture indicates, "No", while to say goodbye they might wave their hand up and down with the palm down. That same hand up and down gesture in Indonesia means, "come here." In the West "come here" would be indicated by a similar gesture but with the palm facing up or just "beckoning" with the forefinger. Please be aware though, that the latter gesture with the forefinger would be found demeaning and highly offensive in Indonesia and some other parts of Asia.

Pointing your finger at someone is often taken as an aggressive act. It is much more polite to point with one's whole outstretched arm and hand.

Posture also has an impact. For example, the Western habit of leaning back and putting one's feet up on one's desk or table is considered extremely rude in much of Asia. Showing the bottom of one's foot is taken as an insult to anyone the foot faces.

Standing with your arms akimbo (hands on your hips) is quite a natural gesture for most Westerners, but many Asians see this as an arrogant stance and may easily be offended by it.

In England you must never turn ones back towards royalty. Showing one's back to anyone may be considered an insult in much of Asia.

Touching someone with one's left hand is considered unclean in parts of Asia and the mid-East. If you are fortunate enough to speak with royalty in England remember they are not to be touched at all! Also, touching someone's head without asking permission may be considered an aggressive act, in some cultures amounting to an invitation to fight. In such cultures, even a masseuse will not touch the client's head without first enquiring whether it is desired.

Smiling and silence can also have different meanings to people from different cultures. In much of Southeast Asia, particularly in Indonesia, simple courtesy dictates that people generally will maintain a smiling face, and smile and nod even to strangers when passing them on the street. Similarly, people will make pleasant small talk to strangers whom they may encounter in a shop, a waiting room or even public transport. This is why so many tourists find Indonesians and, in particular, Balinese, so friendly and welcoming when they first meet them. In these cultures a scowling and closed face, and reluctance to engage in polite conversation will be taken as rudeness, very bad form.

Conversely, some western cultures, such as the French, see gratuitous chitchat and smiling as signs of mental instability or suspicious intent. In some cultures preliminary chit chat and joking among participants in any meeting simply relaxes the atmosphere and allows things to commence on an amicable tone; whereas in others it is looked upon as an attempt to divert attention away from the matters at hand and waste time, indicating a lack of seriousness.

This is just the tip of the iceberg, a taster about cultural differences. The message here is that understanding creates clarity and tolerance. The important thing to remember is to respect other cultures in order to enhance the building of strong relationships.

Jane Jackson is Director of Style Success. For more information: www.stylesuccess.biz or email: This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it '; document.write( '' ); document.write( addy_text28740 ); document.write( '<\/a>' ); //-->\n This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it